Penn’s Space Program

Our physicists are leaders in three new projects to study outer space.

Thursday, July 7, 2016

By Susan Ahlborn



In outer space, big data meets infinite information. How can we measure the expansion of the universe? Can we find gravitational waves that trace back to the Big Bang? Are there other planets that can sustain life? Now, after years—sometimes decades—of planning and technological development, three major astrophysics projects are addressing these questions, and Penn scientists have a major role in all three.

“We’re pushing on different forms of technology in ways that haven’t been done before because no one has ever had datasets as large as this,” says  Larry Gladney, Penn Arts and Sciences’ Associate Dean for the Natural Sciences, Edmund J. and Louise W. Kahn Professor for Faculty Excellence, and professor of physics and astronomy. “We’ve only recently understood that we could achieve this.”

Now under construction in Chile, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will have a 3.5 billion pixel camera to survey and photograph large areas of the sky all night, every night, for 10 years. This “time domain astronomy” will let scientists see the development of the universe over six billion years of its history.

The challenges associated with designing and running such a camera include power handling, cooling, analyzing the enormous amount of data produced, signal processing, and pattern recognition, says Gladney. On top of that, it’s being built in northern Chile, which he describes as one of the most barren places on the planet. “Everything there, including the water the workers drink, has to be transported up to the top of a mountain. Just the size and scale of the engineering project gives you some background for why it takes so long.”

Penn scientists involved in LSST are Gladney; Bhuvnesh Jain, Walter H. and Leonore C. Annenberg Professor in the Natural Sciences; Mike Jarvis, a research scientist in physics and astronomy; Gary Bernstein, Reese W. Flower Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics; and Masao Sako, Associate Professor of Physics and Astronomy. Jain led the project’s cosmology effort as a spokesperson for its Dark Energy Science Collaboration, while Jarvis is co-coordinator of its weak gravitational lensing working group. LSST should start being used in 2019, with science operations beginning in 2022.

Penn is also part of a group awarded a $38.4 million grant by the Simons Foundation to establish an observatory, in Chile's Atacama Desert, that will investigate cosmic microwave background radiation to study the evolution of the universe.

The cosmic microwave background is the last glow given off by the cooling universe after the Big Bang, and it contains the signature of the primordial gravitational waves that were produced by that event, says Gladney. “These traces are kind of like the Holy Grail. We expect them to be there, but in order to look at them, you have to understand how to separate out all other noise like, for example, radiation from the dust in our galaxy.”

Mark Devlin, Reese W. Flower Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, is a specialist in the design and construction of novel telescopes and cryogenic receivers operating at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths. “Over decades of time doing steady development work, you can eliminate all other sources of radiation, and what’s left is so sensitive that we can infer the physics occurring a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang,” says Gladney. “This is not science fiction. It’s science literally written in the sky—it’s amazing.”

Other facilities participating are Princeton University; the University of California, San Diego; the University of California, Berkeley; and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

The third project will send a telescope into space itself. The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) will take advantage of a particular type of supernova that explodes with a nearly fixed amount of energy. Scientists can use this consistency to measure the distance to the supernova and, by measuring the redshift of its radiation, know how far away it should be based on what we know about the history of the universe. By contrasting these numbers, they can learn more about how the expansion of the universe has been changing.

“The sky is very cluttered. You’re looking through a lot of other stars and galaxies to see the targets, which are billions of light years away,” says Gladney. By sending the camera into space, WFIRST will give a field of view of the sky that is 100 times larger than the images provided by the Hubble Space Telescope and without interference from the earth’s weather and atmosphere. Jain is leading one of the two teams responsible for defining the six-year mission of WFIRST, which will include measuring light from a billion galaxies and performing a survey of the inner Milky Way to discover planets outside our solar system.

For Gladney, these projects show that the U.S. is still capable not only of developing the technology necessary but of planning and carrying out the long-term projects that are needed in astrophysical research. “This gives a lot of hope to scientists in the field that we still have the capacity to do great things.”